Portage Learning BIOD 101 Module 3 Exam | Featuring Cell Structure and Function, Membrane Transport, Cellular Respiration, and Enzyme Activity

This PDF document is a comprehensive study guide for students preparing for the BIOD 101 Module 3 Exam at Portage Learning. It covers key topics in cell biology, including cell structure and function, membrane transport, cellular respiration, and enzyme activity. The content provides detailed answers to critical questions, offering students insights into complex biological processes.

The document delves into the intricacies of the citric acid cycle, explaining specific reactions such as the hydrolysis of fumarate to form malate and the production of succinate. It clarifies that the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria and describes why it is considered a cycle, highlighting its role in generating high-energy molecules like NADH and FADH2, which are essential for ATP production in the electron transport chain.

Further, the guide elucidates the electron transport chain, specifying that oxygen reduction to water occurs at complex IV, and outlines the components of ATP synthase, including the stator, rotor, internal rod, and catalytic knob. It explains oxidative phosphorylation as a two-step process involving the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the conversion of ADP into ATP.

Additionally, the document contrasts lactic acid fermentation with alcohol fermentation, and defines substrate-level phosphorylation as the direct transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate to form ATP. It also describes the creation of the proton-motive force and the products of glycolysis phases: the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase.

This exam guide is a valuable resource for students seeking a deeper understanding of cellular processes, making it an ideal tool for exam preparation.